particle

Chapter XIII. The Adverb

§281. There is no special Adverb Formation. In order to qualify the verbal action, Coptic uses a noun or infinitive prefaced by a preposition. A few substantives are used absolutely without a prefixed preposition. The most important of these are:

arhu	‘perhaps’
bol	‘outwards’
ene6	‘ever’
na.me	‘truly’
on	‘again, still’
pa6ou	‘behind’
sop	‘sometimes’
ke.sop	‘Another time’
tai+	‘here’
twn	‘where’
te.nou (for te.ounou)	‘at once’
tnau	‘when’
6oun	‘within’
6rai+	‘upwards’ (old hry [h dotted])
6rai+	‘downwards’ (old hry)
2eph	‘quickly’
me4ak*	‘Perhaps’

*Note: me4ak ‘perhaps’ was originally a verb which took pronominal suffixes; e.g. me4ak nto.3 pe pe.xs ‘Perhaps he is the Christ’.
§282. Adverbial Phrases
Substantives with prefixed preposition used adverbially. The substantive may or may not be defined.
(1) With e-

e.bol	‘outwards’: this is the commonest of all adverb equivalents, and is frequently to be left untranslated.
e.mate	‘very’
e.mau	‘there’
e.pe.sht (e.sht)	‘downwards’
e.pa6ou	‘backwards’
e.twn	‘whither’
e.t6h	‘beforehand’
e.6ouoe- (e.6oue)	‘more than’
e.6oun	‘within’
e.6rai+	‘upwards’ (according to context)
e.6rai+	‘downwards’ (according to context)

n-.br-re	‘newly’
m-.mhne	‘daily’
m-.mate	‘only’
m-.mate	‘greatly’
m-.mau	‘there’
m-.p.kwte	‘round about’
m-.pe.snau	‘both together’
m-.p.thr.3-	‘wholly’
m-.poue	‘far off’
m-.p.oou (m-.p.6oou, m-.poou, n-.6oou)	‘today’
n-.raste	‘at morning’
n-.saousa	‘apart’
n-.sa3	‘yesterday’
n-.tei+.mine	‘thus’
n-.t.eunou	‘Immediately’ (Crum 484b)
n-.qe (for n-.t.6e), often = Greek wV ‘how’	‘In the manner of, even as, so’
n-.oua oua	‘one by one’
n-.ou.ouoei4 (n-.ouoei4)	‘once’
n-.ou4hm	‘a little’
n-.ouw6m-	‘again’
n-.4abol	‘outside’
n-.4orp-	‘at first’
n-.6ouoe- (n-.6oue)	‘more like’
n-.`ioue	‘stealthily’
n-.ke.sop	‘again’ (§111n)
n-.6ht	‘in heart’, especially common after verbs expressing moral activity and mental perception; not necessarily translated.

§284. (3) With 6n- the substantive takes the article; e.g. 6n.t.pa4e ‘at midnight’, 6m.poou (for 6m.p.6oou) ‘today’, 6n.ou.me ‘truly’, 6n.ou.4pn.4wp ‘suddenly’. For adverbial phrases formed with 6n and the Infinitive with the Indefinite Article, §246.
§285. (4) With other prepositions

6i-
6i.bol	‘outside’
6i.nai+	‘thus’
6i.pe.sht	‘below’
6i.pa6ou	‘behind’
6i.ou.sop	‘altogether, at once’
6i.6oun	‘within’
6i.6rai+	‘upwards’
4a-
4a.bol	‘outwards’
4a.6oun	‘inwards’
4a.6rai+	‘upwards’
mn--
mn-.n-.sw.s	‘afterwards’
sa- (or n-.sa-)
sa.bol	‘away’
sa.sa nim	‘everywhere’
sa.ounam	‘To the right’
sa.6bour	‘To the left’
sa.6rai+	‘upwards’

§286. Greek Adverbs frequently appear in Coptic texts. They usually stand absolutely, i.e. without introductory preposition; e.g. a.3.`e pe3.a6e ebol kakws ‘He spent his life badly’, kalws a.3.profhteue 6arw.tn ‘Well did he prophesy about you’. Occasionally a Greek word is introduced by 6n followed by the Indefinite article, to form an Adverbial Phrase; e.g. 6n.ou.amelia ‘Carelessly’.
§287. Conjunctions
While it is true that Coptic possesses conjunctions which have survived from the older stage of the language, it also uses a wide variety of Greek conjunctions, many of which became part and parcel of the language. A list of the principal conjunctions is given in the next section. The Coptic conjunction appears first and is followed by the loan conjunctions from Greek. Notes on a few of the more important conjunctions follow in §290-95.
[MS lacks §288.]
§289.

Connecting	‘and’	auw
Connecting	‘moreover’	auw on
Separating	‘or’	`n-, h
Separating	‘either ... or ...’	oude ... oude ..., oute ... oute ...
Contrasting	‘But rather ’	n-to3
Contrasting	‘But on the other hand’	6ww3 Gk: de, alla, plhn, mentoi(te), ketoi, kaiper, 3omws, men ... de
Statement	‘Quote: ... ’	`e
Causal	‘because’	`e, ebol `e, etbe `e Gk: gar, epei(dh)
Sequence	‘therefore’	2e
Sequence	‘then, therefore’	n-tooun Gk: ara, dh, toinun, oun, 6wste
Final	‘in order that’	`e, `ekas Gk: 6ws, 6opws, mhpws, mhpote
Comparison	‘as’	n-.q.e (lit. In the manner) Gk: 6ws
Temporal	‘since’	`in
Temporal	‘after’	mn-.n-.sa Gk: 6ws, 6oson, 6ote, 6otan, epeide, tote
Conditional	‘if’	e4`e, e4wpe, ene Gk: kan, eimht(e)i

§290. Notes on Conjunctions
(1) auw ‘and’ (originating from a.ouw6, the Imperative of ouw6 ‘To put, set’) is used primarily to join together sentences. It is less commonly used to join nouns together; for this purpose Coptic more correctly used the prepositions mn- (§264.2) and 6i- (§268.5); e.g. p.rh na.r.kake auw p.oo6 n.3.na.5 an mpe.3.ouoein auw n.siou se.na.6e ebol 6n.t.pe auw n.2om n.m.phue se.na.noein ‘The sun will become darkness and the moon will not give its light; and the stars will fall from heaven, and the powers of heaven will tremble’ (Mk 13:24-25). Sometimes auw is used to join sentences when the sentences are already joined by use of the Conjunctive (§225); e.g. er4an ou.eiwt n.asebhs `po n.ou.4hre n.aikaios auw pai n.3.nau e.n.nobe ere.te3.eiwt eire mmo.ou auw n.3.r6ote n.3.sa6ww.3 ebol mmo.ou e.3.e.wn6 6n te3.dikaiosunh ‘If a wicked father begets a righteous son, and this (one) sees the sins while his father is committing them, and he fears and removes himself from them, may he live¹ by his righteousness!’ (¹Future Energetic; Apa Victor, Steindorff Grammar 49*, lines 1-4).
§291. (2) auw on ‘moreover, furthermore’ ; e.g. a.penta.k.`oo.3 4wpe auw on oun ma ‘That which thou hast said¹ has happened, moreover there is room still’ (¹II Perfect; Lk 14:22).
§292. (3) `n, `en- (less correctly `in-) ‘Or’ ; e.g. e.k.`w na.n n.tei.parabolh `en e.k.`w mmo.s e.ouon nim ‘Art thou saying this parable to us or art thou saying it to everyone?’ (Lk 12:41), barabbas `n is ‘Barabbas or Jesus’